摘要：

The Defense Production Act (DPA), enacted in the United States in 2020, accelerated the production of medical equipment and contributed to reducing energy usage in the manufacturing sector. In this study, we use a machine learning method to estimate the energy usage of firms and apply a difference-in-differences (DiD) approach with firm-level data to measure the policy effects by comparing energy usage between the United States and Canada. The results suggest that, following the implementation of the DPA, firm-level energy usage in the U.S. manufacturing sector declined by about 27%. However, this reduction was accompanied by a worsening of energy distortions across firms, which negatively affected productivity in the manufacturing sector.